Sectionalism In The 19th Century - 1318 Words

During the Age of Jackson, America was still trying to find it’s definite identity. America was making progress, but they were not where they wanted to be yet. The sense of optimism and ongoing expansion during the early 19th century that helped to bring America together for a period both contributed to a time of happiness and breakthroughs in which America is trying to be defined as a happy and thriving nation. The rise of democracy coupled with the the gradual political process, both magnify the degree to which America was still trying to find themselves politically. The rise of sectionalism and decline of nationalism point to the once wavering aura of togetherness and separateness and now complete dominance of sectionalism. These†¦show more content†¦All of these things being said, nationalism is the result of these changes and feel-good moments. Togetherness separates America from the rest of the world during the Era of Good Feelings to help portray America as a n ew thriving nation moving up. America wasn’t the only nation â€Å"thriving†. The Industrial Revolution in Europe (1750s--1840s) make the booming nations in Europe. Yet, America thrives at the expense of being a very young nation that’s gaining steam and doing it together. The steamboat linked with the canal system helped to bring about hope and optimism and elevate America into the world spotlight and helped a gradual transition from being a weak and non-self-reliant nation. In addition to expansion, a Jacksonian democracy with protective trade strategies played a big part in ensuring uniqueness in America. In the U.S. in the early 1800s, people who voted were white men, landowning, and quite wealthy--all stemming from Jeffersonian democracy. Jackson being a common man himself changed the idea of what the regular voter looks like. He allowed non-elitist, non-land-owning white men to vote. But at the same time, he knew what that would look like in the national and international spotlight. Jackson didn’t search for uniqueness in male suffrage, but in a way he did. He allowed male voting rights not trying to look unique on the international level, but he knew a change needed to be made in who got to vote despite looking different from mostShow MoreRelatedForces Between Nationalism and Sectionalism in the 19th Century2181 Words   |  9 Pagesand Sectionalism? During the course of American History, and especially after the War for Independence, Nationalism and Sectionalism contributed and interacted with each other to shape the development of the United States of America. These two ideologies are the inverse of one another. When sectionalism is strong, nationalism is weak. When Nationalism is strong, sectionalism is weak. While sectionalism and nationalism work off of each other, nationalism has always prevailed over sectionalism in historyRead MoreDBQ Questions781 Words   |  4 Pages1787-1857. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The Westward Movement Describe the westward movement during the first hall of the 19th century as a political issue as well as a social issue in regard to social class, gender issues, and slavery. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Read MoreWhy Is the â€Å"Era of Goof Feelings† a Misnomer? Essay859 Words   |  4 PagesHowever, the perception of unity that this era defines is somewhat misleading. Throughout this period, there were various problems that contradicted the era’s name. Some of the serious issues that divided the nation were economic depression and sectionalism. The first major fracture in â€Å"Era of Good Feelings† was an economic panic and depression that is frequently known as â€Å"The Panic of 1819†. This disaster was largely caused by the Second Bank of the United States (BUS). In their delayed attemptRead MoreThe American Civil War Was An Internal Conflict Fought1527 Words   |  7 Pagesillegal in the North, having been outlawed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It was also fading in the border states and in Southern cities, but it was expanding in the highly profitable cotton districts of the South and Southwest. Subsequent writers on the American Civil War looked to several factors explaining the geographic divide, including sectionalism, protectionism, and state s rights. Sectionalism Sectionalism refers to the different economies, social structure, customs and politicalRead MoreAmerican history from 1815 to 1840 Essay1054 Words   |  5 Pagesutilized a wider variety of campaigning methods in order to appeal to as many voters as possible, all essentially caused by economic growth. Politics grow to include universal white male suffrage, a strong national government, and nationalism versus sectionalism. Economic Growth (American System, Industrial Revolution, Sectional Economies, Internal Improvements Inventions) caused the political party changes. In order to understand and analyze the forces that shaped politics during this time period,Read MoreEssay on Religion Causes War1486 Words   |  6 Pagesthan any religion ever has been. (Con Side) They further contend that the claim that religion causes war is not supported by the historical or contemporary evidence. They maintain that only 7 (10%) of all the wars (and the same percentage of 20th century wars) had clear religious motivation, and most had no detectable religious motivation at all. The counter argument is that flies in the face of historical fact: for every year of peace in humankinds history there have been fourteen years of war,Read MoreCauses Of The Missouri Compromise Of 1820814 Words   |  4 PagesJamestown, Virginia, in 1619 to increase the production of crops such as tobacco. Slavery was practiced throughout the American colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries, African-American slaves helped build the economic foundations of the new nation. â€Å"America’s explosive growth–and its expansion westward in the first half of the 19th century–would provide a larger stage for the growing conflict over slavery in America and its future lim itation or expansion. In 1820, a bitter debate over the federalRead MoreThe War On American Soil2242 Words   |  9 PagesA tendency to be more concerned with the interests of a particular group than with the problems of the whole is the definition of sectionalism. Since the United States gained it s independence from Britain, sectionalism grew alongside the country. Differences in lifestyles and opinions drove a wedge between groups of people. What started off as two political parties butting heads gradually escalated to two parts of the country, the North and South, dueling against one another. These different viewpointsRead MoreSlave Trade Abolition Of Britain And United States Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pagesforcefully brought to work for the production of profitable crops like tobacco. The slavery was practiced all over the American colonies in 17th and 18th centuries. These slaves helped in building the economy of the new nation. Invention of cotton solidified the belief that more workers were needed to work in the farm and ginnery. By middle of 19th century, the Americans westward expansion movement and the ever present abolition movement practiced in the north, provoked a slavery debate, which in turnRead MoreThe Impact Of Westward Expansion On The United States1571 Words   |  7 Pagesabout tension that plagued the nation for years to come. Some historians may construe westward expansion as beneficial to the United States, arguing that it reduced tensions within the nascent nation. Westward migration was glorified in the early 19th century as the way in which to achieve true freedom. The West was associated with economic opportunity and basic Republican ideals. Streams of individuals seeking prosperity and liberty flooded into the west after the Louisiana Purchase. With the rapid

Needed FDA Regulation of Energy Drinks Essay - 704 Words

Energy drinks are used throughout the whole world. 30-50% of adolescents use energy drinks, they are not regulated by the FDA. Energy drinks are mostly a combination of glucose and caffeine. They also contain a chemical called Dopamine. Dopamine is a major chemical responsible for making us happy. When caffeine effects were off your body’s amount of adrenaline slows down as well. Once you stop taking caffeine your body’s amount of Dopamine slows down. Glucose is a sugar that your body uses directly as energy for basic body functions and activity. Too much glucose can lead to high cholesterol levels and fat production. Most of the sugar in energy drinks is fructose (high fructose). But caffeine has a stronger effect than sugar in energy†¦show more content†¦Druggists have classified caffeine as a stimulant, that can give energize people. Caffeine is also psychoactive, which means that it affects your central nervous system. Caffeine can have some unwanted side effects such as: blood vessels getting smaller which makes it harder to pump blood throughout the body. Many people have medical conditions that can be made worse if they are consuming caffeine. Caffeine has been thought to cause certain types of cancer, thought it haven’t been proven. But the most serious cancer link to caffeine came from one study reported in 1981 that showed people who consumed caffeine had an increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Being psychoactive drug caffeine can alter a person’s mood and change their behavior. Caffeine can affect the reproductive and nervous system of men as well as woman. Studies have shown that drinking caffeine can highly increases heart rate and levels of cholesterol. The main reason people drink caffeine is to wake them up and keep them aware as well as to have a feeling of alertness. Too much caffeine can lead to anxiety, light headedness, and irritability. Caffeine can also affect you sleeping patterns. Another side effect of caffeine is increased heart rate. The caffeine that you take goes to work in your body within fifteen to forty five minutes. You will not feel its effects after 7.5 hours but can take up to 30 hours to get rid of it from your body. Caffeine is known to cause physicalShow MoreRelatedSwot Analysis Of Energy Drink1563 Words   |  7 PagesMonsters Energy there are a few threats they have like competitors, government regulations, people learning about the harm from energy drinks, and people moving to healthier alternatives. Monsters biggest threat to their business it would be one of their competitors, Red Bull. In 2015, Red Bull had a market share of about 43%, while Monster in a close second had 39% of the market, allowing them to have that slight advantage (â€Å"Packing a punch†, 2016). With them each having two of the top four energy drinksRead MoreThe Battle Between Bottled Water And Tap Water1999 Words   |  8 Pageseasiest thing at their disposal- bottled water, and many different brands to choose from. Likewise, during the night when people don’t want to make the full trek into the kitchen to grab some water, they just head to the sink and cup their hands to drink the tap water. It’s an easy decision at that moment, people just know that they’re thirsty and that they want the nearest source of water. Are these people really choosing the safest water for their health though? The battle between bottled water andRead MoreThe lack of Regulation for Food‎ Flavoring by Government Essay964 Words   |  4 Pagespolish is made from real lemons. Over the past decades, our understandings of food flavoring have dramatically changed. Today, many food flavoring can be fo und in most products to enhance foods and drinks, however, people need to smarter and more aware of the food we consume, due to the lack of regulation for Food‎ flavoring by government. Before 1850, American’s food flavoring was formerly used as flavored food and beverages from local and foreign sources of flavorings such as rum, fruit juice, andRead MoreMonster Energy Essay11236 Words   |  45 Pages| Product Analysis: Monster Energy Drink | Bill ClymerWednesday August 14, 2013Written by: Maira Khalid | PART A Situation Analysis Monster Beverage Corporation The Hansen Beverage company (recently changing their name to Monster Beverage Corporation on January 5th of 2012), was a family owned and operated company in the 1930’s, selling freshly squeezed juices to local film studios. 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One of these extremely controversial ingredients is the high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), used as a sweetener in the majority of the soft drink manufacturing. Sweet corn-based syrups were developed during the past 3 decades and now represent close to one-half of the caloric sweeteners consumed by Americans. George A Bray, Samara Joy Nielsen, and Barry M Popkin have noted that â€Å"the developmentRead MoreRadiation Exposure Among Health Care Workers1371 Words   |  6 PagesRadiation Exposure among Health Care Workers Introduction Radiation is actuality of life and in terms of defining; it is the emission (sending out) of energy from any source. We live in a world in which radiation is unsurprisingly present everywhere and has been since the creation of this planet. Light and heat from nuclear reaction in sun are crucial to our survival. Radioactive materials occur naturally all through the environment and our bodies contain radioactive materials for example carbon-14Read MoreFood Politics Is A Great Book For Anyone The Richest Nation On Earth Has Such Poor Dietary Habits880 Words   |  4 Pagestheir intake of calories, fat, sugar, and salt (p53-55). The USDA issued its first set of dietary recommendations in 1917, titled How to Select Foods. The food-group format included five categories of food sources that contained nutrients known to be needed for health: fruits and vegetables, meats and other protein rich foods, cereals and other starchy foods, sweets, and fatty foods. The food guide has been modified over the years with the identification of foods rich in vitamins and minerals, a fluctuatingRead MoreDr.Pepper Snapple Group Case Study2696 Words   |  11 PagesProblems and Opportunities It is important to understand the primary problem being addressed throughout this case study: Whether or not a profitable market opportunity exists for a new energy beverage brand to be produced, marketed and distributed by the Dr. Pepper Snapple Group. In order to effectively answer the above question, there are a number of secondary questions that need to be answered to get the full picture. They are as follows: Who would the target market be? What would be the fullRead MoreThe Quality Of Drinking Water2112 Words   |  9 PagesThe Quality of Drinking Water and its Impact on Human Health There are only few things that tie us directly to the natural environment; one such thing is the water that we drink daily. Water is one of the most valuable natural resources and we cannot live without it. I personally never thought much of the importance of water in our daily life, till about a three years ago when my mother was diagnosed with final stage of colon cancer. My father, a nature lover all his life, through out every trip

Case Analysis on Hilton Free Essays

The Hilton family started its first hotel in the year 1919 by the name of Mobley Hotel in Cisco, Texas under Conrad Hilton. The firm launched its IPO under the name Hilton Hotels Corporation in 1946 to make its presence felt in the hospitality business. With time the firm expanded to compete and serve at the global level. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis on Hilton or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the highly competitive Global Lodging Business the challenges mainly faced by the firms included difficulty in achieving a standardized service of operation all throughout. With economies of scale and to focus on consistency as well as superior service delivery across the Hilton brand of Hotels, the importance of CRM was realized and the firm came up with the strategy of Customers Really Matter (CRM) in 2002. To build customer equity it is important to embrace technology and Hilton implemented this using its infrastructure called OnQ which acted as an enabling agent helping employees to deliver great customized customer experiences. Hilton introduced the Customers Really Matter with the objective to provide outstanding services to the customer. CRM enabled Hilton Corporation to focus more on building and managing its relationships with its customers. With CRM it was possible to acknowledge customers and provide personalized attention to each of them. It helped to store personal records of a person to access information for knowing the customer better. It helped maintaining people’s preferences, which directly reduced time spent on websites assistance or call center’s phone call costs and it also helped providing offers suited according to an individual and even helped promoting cross-selling and improving conversion rates. With CRM, the hotels front desk could have a comprehensive report each day of the guest list in an easy to scan format. The pre-assigning of rooms, the classification/segmentation of membership and exclusive benefits for privileged customers could all be done using CRM. However, there were few problems involved with pre-assigning of rooms and changing priorities of the customer. By adopting CRM and adapting with the technology it all became easier for Hilton, the guest profile managing, online profile maintenance, building more relationship, and have more information (emails, phone no. ) of the customers and record complaints and feedbacks. All of these could be integrated by Hilton to bring more consistency as well as standardization to its services across its diversified business. The existence of the SALT (Satisfaction And Loyalty Training) survey, which helped significantly to improve the services by monitoring customer experiences and better measure the important factors that could help the business, added great value to the CRM initiative. On the other hand, OnQ also assisted property level operations and could enable the corporation to open more hotels for the customers and expand the brand image. Although CRM had its own benefits, the success boiled down to execution. OnQ incorporated huge costs and maintenance expenses. Apart from them, the CRM technology also required many other organizational factors to be addressed. The focus required on measurement, executive championship, training of the employees to use the technology, the feedback incorporation, etc. all had to be taken in account which couldn’t be overlooked. Taking in consideration the presence across 78 countries, the technology helped maintaining central database accessible from all the service points. Having variety of products across different price points throughout the organization, CRM also assisted segmentation of customers into modules such as Diamond, Gold, 4+ for improving services. A difficult task was to deduce the Return on Investment for the CRM. To conclude, CRM did help Hilton in its goal to enhance its competitive advantage, and to become the one of the premier choices of the world’s traveler in the global hospitality business. How to cite Case Analysis on Hilton, Papers

Lies and Conversation free essay sample

Lies and Conversation Deborah Tannen The thesis statement in Deborah Tannen essay is â€Å"This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wrecking havoc with marriage. † Her essay is based on finding reasons why men and women have such a big problems in communication. In my opinion she succeeded in giving us basic reasons of our differences between men. The first reason lays in â€Å"childhood socialization that make talk between women and men like cross-cultural communication. † The author points out on the fact that bonds between girls are based on talking when boys on actions. The second reason is how men listen, what their body language tells us and how we decode it. For example, when a man lie on the floor and close his eyes when we want to talk to him we decode it as a complete unwillingness to pay attention to what will be talked about. We will write a custom essay sample on Lies and Conversation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But for the man it’s just a form of concentration on the subject, in this case the talk. The other thing is how we receive the information, women in conversation make more† listener-noise when men give silent attention. † According to Deborah Tannen, women interpret silence as no attention but men on the other side stream of listener-noise interpret as an interruption. I think that all these mentioned reasons are the start to the end if won’t be taken in the consideration. Our differences are not something that should be judged, they need to be accepted and respected. And if we do that, better changes in our communication with each other will follow.

Moma Duck And Her Seven Eggs Essays (357 words) - Aviculture, Ducks

Moma Duck And Her Seven Eggs Moma Duck and Her Seven Eggs Once upon a time, there was a moma duck who was waiting for her 7 eggs to hatch. She was really exited, her friends the ducks were really happy too. She waited along time. Finally the day came in the morning about 9:00am she felt the eggs hatching, she scream with happiness, Everybody the eggs are hatching come see them! The ducks came running quickly. Finally the eggs hatch, the little ducks started saying momy, then after that the yellow ducks started saying Momy please teach us to swim, we want to learn how to swim, and fly. Moma duck say okay I'll teach you'll how to swim and fly. Then she say come on children, but when she turned around she saw one egg that did not hatch. She said O my good there still is one more that hasn't hatch. Children we have to wait for your brother or sister. The little eggs started saying No mom you promised us. Moma said after this egg hatch I'll teach you all 7 to swim and fly. The little ducks were really mad After four hours the egg started hatching the ducks were really happy, but when the egg hatch a really ugly, purple duck said Momy. The other ducks started saying He is ugly! Moma duck say I'm sure my son duck will turn yellow after a few hours, but if not I don't care you are all my children and I love you'll no mater what. After a few hours of playing, swimming and flying the ducks were happy except the purple duck. He wasn't happy because his brothers and sisters did not play with him because he was different he felt left out.. After a few days they stated liking him better even if he was different, because he loved his brothers and sisters and he was very nice and tried to play with them. Moma duck was happy because they loved his son as they all did. MORAL: Not matter if anybody is different you you don't have to dislike them just because there are different. email me at [emailprotected] THE END. Book Reports

An Overview of Municipal Waste and Landfills

An Overview of Municipal Waste and Landfills Municipal waste, commonly known as trash or garbage, is a combination of all of a citys solid and semisolid waste. It includes mainly household or domestic waste, but it can also contain commercial and industrial waste with the exception of industrial hazardous waste (waste from industrial practices that causes a threat to human or environmental health). Industrial hazardous waste is excluded from municipal waste because it is typically dealt with separately based on environmental regulations. Five Categories of Municipal Waste The second category of municipal waste is recyclable materials. Paper is also included in this category but non-biodegradable items like glass, plastic bottles, other plastics, metals and aluminum cans fall into this section as well. Inert waste is the third category of municipal waste. For reference, when discussed with municipal waste, inert materials are those that are not necessarily toxic to all species but can be harmful or toxic to humans. Therefore, construction and demolition waste is often categorized as inert waste. Composite waste is the fourth category of municipal waste and includes items that are composed of more than one material. For example, clothing and plastics such as childrens toys are composite waste. Household hazardous waste is the final category of municipal waste. This includes medicines, paint, batteries, light bulbs, fertilizer and pesticide containers and e-waste like old computers, printers, and cellular phones. Household hazardous waste cannot be recycled or disposed of with other waste categories so many cities offer residents other options for hazardous waste disposal. Municipal Waste Disposal and Landfills Today, landfills are engineered to protect the environment and prevent pollutants from entering the soil and possibly polluting ground water in one of two ways. The first of these is with the use of a clay liner to block pollutants from leaving the landfill. These are called sanitary landfills while the second type is called a municipal solid waste landfill. These types of landfills use synthetic liners like plastic to separate the landfills trash from the land below it. Once trash is put into these landfills, it is compacted until the areas is full, at which time the trash is buried. This is done to prevent the trash from contacting the environment but also to keep it dry and out of contact with air so it will not quickly decompose. About 55% of the waste generated in the United States goes to landfills while around 90% of waste created in the United Kingdom is disposed in this manner. In addition to landfills, waste can also be disposed using waste combustors. This involves the burning of municipal waste at extremely high temperatures to reduce waste volume, control bacteria, and sometimes generate electricity. Air pollution from the combustion is sometimes a concern with this type of waste disposal but governments have regulations to reduce pollution. Scrubbers (devices that spray liquids on smoke to reduce pollution) and filters (screens to remove ash and pollutant particles) are commonly used today. Finally, transfer stations are the third type of municipal waste disposal currently in use. These are facilities that where municipal waste is unloaded and sorted to remove recyclables and hazardous materials. The remaining waste is then reloaded onto trucks and taken to landfills while the waste that can be recycled for example, is sent to recycling centers. Municipal Waste Reduction Composting is another way cities can promote municipal waste reduction. This type of waste is comprised solely of biodegradable organic waste like food scraps and yard trimmings. Composting is generally done on the individual level and involves the combination of organic waste with microorganisms like bacteria and fungi that break down the waste and create compost. This can then be recycled and used as a natural and chemical free fertilizer for personal plants. Along with recycling programs and composting, municipal waste can be reduced via source reduction. This involves the reduction of waste through the alteration of manufacturing practices to reduce the creation excess materials which get turned into waste. The Future of Municipal Waste To further reduce waste, some cities are currently promoting policies of zero waste. Zero waste itself means reduced waste generation and the 100% diversion of the remainder of waste from landfills to productive uses via materials reuse, recycling, repair and composting. Zero waste products should also have minimal negative environmental impacts over their lifecycles.

History 1A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History 1A - Essay Example The narrator argues that slavery especially in Africa had denied him the chance to live peacefully and in harmony with her family members. As Europe grew, the relationship between Africa and Europe came into focus. The description of African religious theories was essential in the evaluation of histography of European academic orientations. The triple religious African heritage, which includes indigenous religion, Islam and Christianity, were the pivot that formed the three main themes of discourse. The accounts describing religion in African or the superficial terms lead to an influence in the perception of philosophers who were enlightened about Africa. In turn, perception about Africa was influenced by progress and reason. The European occupation was often legitimized because of the argument that Christian civilization was introduced, officials in the colonial government realized that changes in African societies may lead to stability loss. The states that he witnessed the sale of slaves to Dutch people while in West Indies. At that time, he was not bought but instead, transported and sold to North America where he was assigned to work in the Virginia plantations doing house chores and light field works. He did not stay for long in time Virginia when a British royal navy lieutenant bought him as a present to his friends in England (Equiano 94) The spread of Islam was neither simultaneous nor uniform, but followed an adaptive and gradual path. However, aesthetic and political influences on the African community are difficult to access. Islamic resistance to representation of animals and people, its interaction with the Africans visual arts was one of the forms of Islam that were accommodated by the local residents. Islam also helped in the reinforcement of the fondness of Africans to geometric design. It was also evident in textile decorations and objects that were crafted. Weaving by the locals was also

Business Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Paper - Essay Example Through the stage of editing, it is crucial for one to realize the significance of making changes such that the substance of the business paper turns out to promote a better approach to closing a deal between the parties involved. Since business paper may assume a variety of forms as essay, proposal letter, research paper, position paper, and thesis or dissertation, a business writer ought to account for the primary objective that fully justifies the essential ideas to be brought across. Hence, even on conducting revisions, the writer should render adjustments based on the elements which chiefly deliver corporal thoughts, values, and style. On editing, consistency with formal tone must be maintained as well as the use of passive voice in keeping the formality intact throughout the paper. As much as possible, the corrections employed on the work should necessitate concise expressions in which case, modifiers in series are reduced to one or two words that are rather more technical in nature. Furthermore, the editing staff or individual sees to it that a firm resolve is established within the course of rewriting and that the output relies heavily on facts and figures. Similarly, the presentation of the paper’s substance must be supported by arguments that strictly adhere to objectivity as reflected in the quantity of evidence utilized and the accompanying vocabulary to state it. Fairness in critique or judgment and sound transactions among correspondences are sustained for whenever one optimizes making reference to factual input.

Public Health and Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Public Health and Safety - Essay Example These are just some cases where the public is left open to the hazards of the dangerous conditions of properties. In response to these alarming scenarios, UK had enacted several statutes to foster public health and safety. Already in place are UK's Torts Act 1977, laws on public nuisance, Public Health Act 1936, Defective Premises Act 1972, Fatal Accidents Act 1976, (Harpwood 2005,p.196-384) and the Occupiers Liability Act 1984. From the onset we must clarify that there is no contractual relationship between the owner of the property and the spouses . Since they came in to the premises uninvited , they must be deemed as trespassers as defined in the Occupiers Liability Act 1984 but the nagging question then is must the company be absolved from liability and the spouses be considered to have taken undue risk and must suffer for their own misfortune. Or must the company be liable for the damages done on the basis of 'res ipsa loquitor' principle on Torts as it cannot be denied that damages happened in its property and therefore there is an assumption of negligence and want of due care on its part. Thus, must the company be considered a tortfeasor which has the burden of proof of proving that it is not guilty of negligence in immediately fencing the condemned property after knowledge of possibility of causing harm to the public and that it exercised due standard of care. If it fails to prove both, must it answ er for damages incurred to the spouses on the basis of failing to qualify for the 'reasonable man test'(Bolton v Stone) and on grounds of nuisance. Lastly, whether spouses by trespassing in a property which has a warning sign that people will be entering at their own risk guilty of contributory negligence by which company can hide under the doctrine of limited liability and whether by such act the spouses must be assumed to have voluntarily exposed themselves to the risk and thus must be precluded from recovery for injuries they suffered therefrom under the principle of "volenti non fit injuria" (Barker 2002,p.181). 3 Statement of Relevant Laws The basic law that governs this case is the UK Torts Act 1977 specifically quasi-delict or culpa aquiliana which provides that where there is no preexisting contractual relationships between the parties, the party who by act or

Gino and Mogilner’s (2014) Hypothesis | Critical Review

Gino and Mogilner’s (2014) Hypothesis | Critical Review Critical Review of Focus Paper: Assessing the credibility of Gino and Mogilner’s (2014) hypothesis and applications Joanna Huang Abstract The focus paper by Gino and Mogilner hypothesises that the reason for previously witnessed relationships between time, money and morality is due to the mediator, self-reflection. Gino and Mogilner (2014) operationalise the construct of morality to measure the subsequent cheating in participants through controlled laboratory experiments. The methodology employed in the paper uses validated and reliable techniques to maintain internal validity (Wicklund and Duval, 1971). In addition, the paper controls and removes possible confounds that may impact the consistency of the results to improve internal reliability. However, the applicability of Gino and Mogilner’s (2014) findings are limited by the controlled laboratory conditions which reduce external validity. Greater applications of this study can be found in alternate research directions regarding the relationship between time, money and morality. Main body The nature of morality and its determinant is a long debated and theorised topic; many experimental investigations in morality attempt to produce supporting evidence for hypothesised relationships between morality and related factors. The focus paper by Gino and Mogilner endeavours to provide empirical evidence that supports the underlying mechanism between time, money and morality is self-reflection. Gino and Mogilner (2014) draw their conceptualisation of morality from the theoretical framework provided by previous studies which have shown a conclusive relationship between time, money and morality. Their methodology operationally defines morality and maintains a standardised procedure to maximise the reliability and validity of their experimental results. Whilst Gino and Mogilner (2014) are able to reliably demonstrate that self-reflection is the underlying mechanism connecting money, time and morality, the immediate applications of the research finding is limited by their approach . The multifaceted definition of morality provides difficulties in measuring the construct within laboratory environments. However, by simplifying moral behaviour to cheating, the seemingly abstract construct has been operationalised by many for experimental research and produced consistent findings, such as Gino and Pierce (2009). In addition, by eliminating the monetary reward (in Study two) and providing anonymity, potential bias from the motivation of money and social desirability of participants to appear competent has been removed. When compared to previous studies by Diener and Wallbom (1976) where anonymity was not provided in the experiment, the recorded cheating could have resulted from two viable motivations; moral ambiguity and possible demonstration of competence (Vallacher and Solodky, 1979). Gino and Mogilner (2014) have shown superiority in operationalising and controlling their experiment to produce empirical evidence that supports their hypothesis. The study follows a standardised procedure to ensure greater generalisability and reliability. Study three uses the mirror technique, a reliable method to encourage self-reflection (Wicklund and Duval, 1971), and improving internal validity by the use of a reliable and consistent technique in the methodology. The mirror technique further validates the robustness of the effect by showing internal consistency between the effects of priming money and time to a validated method. In comparison to the use of environmental stimulus (real cash) by Gino and Pierce (2009), the subtlety of priming money and time constructs benefits external validity by increasing generalisability (Mogilner and Aaker, 2009). Priming the constructs allows greater generalisation to the real world situation by broadening the stimulation of time and money to include mental as well as environmental stimuli. It should be mentioned that the focus paper does have flaws, notably in the use self-reporting scales in Study 4 to measure self-reflection. Self-reporting is limited by the assumption that individuals are insightful and truthful about their own attitudes and behaviours. Additionally, self-reporting may be skewed by the individual desire to appear moral (Nargin and Pogarsky, 2003). Thus, many studies have included social desirability tests to identify to remove possible contenders of lying, such as Nargin and Pogarsky (2003) and Gino and Pierce (2009). Despite lacking such a social desirability test, the questionnaire used to measure self-reflection is similar to the one used by Gino and Pierce (2009), which has proven reliability. Furthermore, Gino and Mogilner (2014) do include a mediation analyses using bootstrap analysis to verify that self-flection was the underlying mechanism between money, time and morality; presenting convincing empirical evidence of the relationship between the constructs. In conceptualising morality as cheating, the study may risk over-simplifying and limiting the construct as cheating may only represent a form of moral judgment rather than morality as a whole (Abend, 2012). Indeed, the experiment essentially limits the concept of morality to the individual moral judgment in response to the given conditions of the study, such as anonymous cheating opportunities. Furthermore, these confined laboratory conditions inhibit the external validity of the study due to the variability of cheating opportunities and occurrence in real life (Gino and Pierce, 2009). However, Gino and Mogilner are not alone in their approach; studies with a similar method include those by Gino and Pierce (2009), and Shu, Gino and Bazerman (2009). These studies adapt their conceptualisation from Jones’ (1991) definition of immorality as behaviour that violates the moral and legal regulations of the wider community; supporting Gino and Mogilner’s operational definition of morality as a standardised method. Whilst using more subtle primes can increase generalisability, as aforementioned, the limitations of applicability are inevitable in laboratory and experimental research. Experimental research is challenged by the difficulty to maintain external validity within the controlled laboratory conditions. Whilst encouraging moral conduct in society is a worthy pursuit, direct application of Gino and Mogilner’s (2014) findings may be difficult and limited by situational and environmental influences of morality. A study by Reed, Aquino and Levy (2007) develops the construct of morality in an alternate approach, suggesting instead that individual concept of morality directly influences attitudes towards money and time. This reverse approach is advantageous in having immediate applications, specifically in marketing; non-profit organisations can manipulate the community for more time or money donations based on the prominence of the respective constructs in their advertisement (Reed et al., 2007). Despite forgoing the mediator role of self-reflection, the research does not contradict Gino and Mogilner. Hence, given that the thought of time can increase ad herence to moral conduct (Gino and Mogilber, 2014), the focus paper may find applications in an indirect way, such as time prominent marketing strategies. The work of Gino and Mogilner (2014) may be limited in the short run for immediate benefits to society; however it will inarguably be a great asset when considering the growing prevalence of immorality. Gino and Mogilner (2014) present reliable empirical evidence to determine that self-reflection is the mediator between time, money and morality. The focus paper appropriately operationalises morality to construct a reliable and valid research that increases the credibility of the results. In demonstrating sound empirical results, Gino and Mogilner have proposed a plausible method to reduce immoral behaviours in society. However, the immediate applications of this method are restricted by difficulties in generalising the experimental research to the external, real world environment, and may have to wait until further research is conducted regarding ethical and effective applications. References Abend, G. (2012). What the Science of Morality Doesnt Say About Morality. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 43(2), 157-200. Diener, E., Wallbom, M. (1976). Effects of Self-Awareness on Antinormative Behaviour. Journal of Research in Personality, 10(1), 107-111. Gino, F., Mogilner, C. (2014). Time, money, and morality. Psychological Science, 25(2), 414-421. Gino, F., Pierce, L. (2009). The abundance effect: Unethical behaviour in the presence of wealth. Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 109(2), 142-155. Jones, T.M. (1991). Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations: An Issue-Contingent Model, The Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 366-395. Mogilner, C., Aaker, J. (2009). The Time vs. Money Effect. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(2),277-291. Nagin, D.S., Pogarsky, G. (2003). An Experimental Investigation of Deterrence: Cheating, Self-Serving Bias, and Impulsivity. Criminology, 41(2), 167-194. Reed, A., Aquino, K., Levy, E. (2007). Moral Identity and Judgements of Charitable Behaviours. Journal of Marketing 71(1), 178-193. Shu, L.L., Gino, F., Bazerman, M.H. (2011). Dishonest Deed, Clear Conscience: When Cheating Leads to Moral Disengagement and Motivated. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(3), 330-349. Vallacher, R.R., Solodky, M. (1979). Objective Self-Awareness, Standards of Evaluation and Moral Behaviour. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15(3), 254-262. Wicklund, R.A., Duval, S. (1971). Opinion change and performance facilitation as a result of objective self-awareness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,7(3), 319-342. 1 Nella Larsen Novel: Passing Nella Larsen Novel: Passing Nella Larsens novel Passing was written in 1929 and reflected the reality she experienced herself as for the questions of racial identity and hard integration of African Americans into the civilized society. On the whole, Passing is, in contrast to the title, the story of complete failure of two girls who tried to divide themselves from their race and be normal citizens adopted by the society. One of them, Irene Westover Redfield, was a common representative of the middle class who suffered from fears and discomfort being among people and who wanted only to be tranquil because security was the most important and desired thing in life (Larsen 235). Everywhere in the street she felt disturbance and threat of impermanence, instability and lack of confidence. All those symptoms, as Neil Sullivan (26) investigates, testify to Irenes inevitability of disintegrating subjectivity meaning that not only circumstances themselves were obstacles on her way to integration and passing, but from the very beginning, by her nature and through entire life she was never ready to become an adequate part of the community. For Irene, the reality was disgusting and she was disgusting to herself, she was awkward in that reality. Her friend, Clare Kendry Bellew, doesnt look like a Nig (as her own husband calls her playfully), but she has African routes and thus all her story is a story of inner conflict, of bifurcation and lack of perfectness, of wholeness. She struggled since her early childhood, as was born in misery and privation, and furthermore lost her father (alcoholic janitor) and had to live with her two white aunts, Grace and Edna, not a jot better than Cinderellas stepmother and sisters. From her early years she had to work hard, and the aunts even tried to persuade her that physical labor was nothing but useful for her. And at the same time she had to tolerate not only physical exploitation, but also moral tension because loving relatives never missed a trick to remind her where she was from and what she was like. But nevertheless she didnt make complaints against her life: I was, it was true, expected to earn my keep by doing all the housework, and most of the washing. But do you realize, Rene, t hat if it hadnt been for them, I shouldnt have had a home in the world? (Larsen 158). Clare is described as truly light (as her name is translated) person trying to enjoy life and to take everything from it, but again, from the very beginning, she is doomed as she has no integrity in herself and cant find stability neither at home nor outside. Her husband, a white financier John Bellew, leads on the processing started by her aunts: he repeats again and again that he hated Negroes and that no Negroes can live in his house: When we were first married, she was as white as as well as white as a lily. But I declare shes gettin darker and darker. I tell her if she dont look out, shell wake up one of these days and find shes turned into a nigger, he jokes (171). If Clare could simply forget her origin and live a normal life of a white person, she may have found serenity and her place under the sun. But the hostile attitude and moods of the nearest, let alone rest of the society leaves n o chance for her. She is punched by words, and she is constantly being lynched morally. Hence her end is determined from the very beginning. Her passing is determined as, to certain extent, the author uses the word not only in the meaning of merging of African Americans with the white community in the United States, but obviously in its colloquial meaning standing for death. The two girls fates are tightly bound and one is used to tint another one. They are different, but they have much in common, and their lives turn to interweave in strange, dramatic matter. The two persons conflicting each within herself cant help conflicting with other, and passions burning between them have ambiguous nature. The uneasy circumstances have made them suspicious and emotionally very sensitive, therefore by interaction they not only help each other to survive, but do help each other to fade. The matter is, assimilation is always a problem, even when all the circumstances are favorable and the accepting party is really adopting. A lot of things must be changed in your conscience, in your style of life, in your attitude to things of everyday life and, broader, you view of the world. The question, what is more, is why you should forget your true identity, why you have to play your origin false and adjust to others. It is always difficult to put up with such injustice, and no matter how hard you try, you will always stay the second sort. Sometimes such subordination is hidden well, and with time you may forget about all those difficulties. But when day after day you are reminded that you are mud blood (nigger, nig, creature, boy,), how much strength do you need to cope with it? Especially it turns out to be unbearable for Clare who is already not belonging to the Black community and neither is she one of the Whites. Then, negative reputation is regularly supported by media, they are accused of all the most awful crimes, and this prejudice based only on the color of their skin is being spread from family to family, from generation to generation. The cycle with no way out. Or, to be more precise, with the only way out chosen by Clare the entrance to freedom through the window. In the meantime her need for recognition was much higher than Irenes. Clare experiences deliberate courting of attention (203); her husband has taken her out of poverty and provided her with almost everything for happy bourgeois living. So she spends days dressing this and that and trying to adopt white values, but cant find peace and through the whole novel seeks for the answer from everyone: what am I to you? What am I of you? It is interesting to underline that the two girls benefit from each other: While Clare claims Irene as her link to blackness, Irene mediates her desire for whiteness through Clare (Sullivan 31). When associated with Clare, Irene finally was aware what was wrong in her life and she feels sorry that Clare was not born a Negro (Larsen 225). The conflict is sharpened in the scene with letters from Clare torn by Irene: The destruction completed, she gathered them up, rose, and moved to the trains end. Standing there, she dropped them over railing and watched them scatter, on tracks, on cinders, on forlorn grass, in rills of dirty water (178). While we are all dependent on what others think of us, it is not easy to stay cheerful when you are oppressed on the ground of your minority identity. In this way total rejection brings Clare to the tragic final: Clare vanishes, and Irene faints in pursuit of her. Panama: An Introduction Panama: An Introduction Panama La Republica de Panama, or just simply Panama, is a country slightly smaller than South Carolina located south of Costa Rica and north of Columbia. Panama is most famous for the Panama Canal, which allows passage from the Caribbean Sea to the Pacific Ocean. Panama has a chain of mountains along the west of the country, has moderate hills in the interior, and has flat land along the east coast. There are vast forests in Panamas tropical weather. Panamas tropical temperature makes it possible for Panama to grow its biggest exports: coffee, sugar, shrimp, bananas, etc. However, Panama cannot grow or manufacture certain items, such as capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, and chemicals. Some of Panamas major trading partners include the U.S., Sweden, Spain, Netherlands, Costa Rica, Antilles, Japan, Mexico, and Colombia. Panama has one of the most important trading ports in the world. Its geographical location makes it one of the busiest ports in the world. Panama is most famous for the internationally known Panama Canal. The Panama Canal was first thought up in 1513 by Charles V, who at the time was the king of Spain. Although Charles V never followed through, the Spaniards built paved roads to transport goods. In 1880, French companies directed by Ferdinand de Lesseps, the builder of the Suez Canal, started construction on the Panama Canal. After seven years, the project was abandoned. In 1903, when Panama was declared independent, a treaty was signed which authorized the United States to begin construction of the canal in 1904. The canal was completed and started operation on August 15, 1914, when the US cargo ship, Ancon, made a historic first passage. However, before the canal was built, Panama struggled for its independence from Columbia. In 1821, Central America revolted against Spain, which is when Panama joined Columbia. For the next eighty-two years, Panama unsuccessfully tried to break away from Columbia. Between 1850 and 1900, Panama had 40 administrations, 50 riots, 5 attempted secessions, and 13 US interventions. Panama eventually gained its independence in 1903, with US giving its support. The Panamanian flag was a symbol of the newly freed country once it gained its independence from Columbia. It was designed be Mr. Amador Guerrero and it was made by his wife, Ms. Maria Ossa de Amador. The flag was baptized on December 20, 1903 by Reverend Fray Bernardino. It is celebrated on November 1. Today, the Panamanian government is an example of a constitutional democracy. It contains executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. The executive branch consists of a president and two vice-presidents. The presidential position is held by Martin Torrijos Espino and the two vice-presidential positions are held by Samuel Lewis Navarro and Ruben Arosemena Valdes. The Legislative Branch has a unicameral National Assembly which contains seventy eight seats. The judicial branch is a Supreme Court of Justice, which contains nine judges who serve ten year terms, five superior courts, and three courts of appeal. When the Spanish controlled Panama, they brought with them Spanish cultures and traditions, creating a new culture. The natives of Panama, the Kuna, are a close community. They are close with their families and live a simple way of life. In the Kunas culture, ties are passed from the mothers side of the family, meaning that after the marriage, the husband must move into the wifes familys house and work for her family. In all countries, sports are a major part of the culture. Panama is no exception. The main sport in Panama today is baseball. Some of the Major League Baseball most prominent baseball players have come out of Panama. The most famous of them include Rod Carew, who played for the Minnesota Twins and the California Angels, Omar Moreno, who played for the Pittsburg Pirates, Ben Oglivie, who played for the Boston Red Sox, Detroit Tigers, and the Milwaukee Brewers, Mariano Rivera, who currently plays for the Yankees, and Manny Sanguillen, who played mainly with the Pittsburg Pirates and briefly with the Oakland Athletics. Some of todays Panamanian baseball players include Manuel Corpas, who plays for the Colorado Rockies, Carlos Lee, who plays for the Houston Astros, Mariano Rivera, who plays for the New York Yankees, Carlos Ruiz, who plays for the Philadelphia Phillies, and Olmedo Saenz, who plays for the Los Angeles Dodgers. As well as sports, food is a major part of a countrys culture. Some of Panamas most popular dishes include carimanola, empanadas, tortillas, tamales, tajadas, and patacones. Carimanola is a roll made from ground and boiled yucca and filled with chopped meat and boiled eggs. The roll is then fried before it is served. Empanadas are similar to a Cornish pastry that can be filled with meat, chicken, or cheese. Tortillas are a common meal in all of Latin America. In Panama, tortillas are made from ground maize and fried like a pancake. Tamales are a local delicacy made from boiled ground corn with spices, chicken, or pork inside. It is then wrapped in a banana leaf and boiled before serving. Tajadas are a dish that that are more commonly known as platano maduros. It is made from a ripe plantain cut i slices, length ways and baked with cinnamon. Lastly, patacones, also known as tostones, is made from green fried plantain, which is cut crossways in pieces, with salt, pressed and fried. Today, Panama remains most famous for the Panama Canal. However, it has also received attention from people due o the fact that one of their former leaders is imprisoned in Miami, Florida as a result of drug trafficking charges. Manuel Noriega used to be one of the United States top allies in Latin America. However, their relationship deteriorated when it was discovered that Noriega was a major player in drug trafficking in the Panamanian region. The US also accused him of violating human rights and rigging elections in 1989. Soon after their was a stand-off between US forces stationed at the Panama canal zone and Noriegas soldiers. Later, President Bush Sr. launched an invasion of Panama because a US marine was killed in Panama City. Noriega surrendered to US forces in 1990 and was flown to the US as a prisoner of war. He was found guilty of multiple charges and was sentenced to forty years in prison which was later reduced to thirty years in 1999. After serving seventeen years in p rison, he was scheduled for release on September 9 of this year. However, he is now wanted by the French for using profits from drug trafficking to buy land and remains imprisoned. In conclusion, Panama has a culture and history decorated by the people, food, and infrastructures that it has become famous for. Most people know Panama for the Panama Canal, but Panama is more than the Canal. People who will go down in American culture have come out of Panama. These people, such as Mariano Rivera and Rod Carew, have imprinted themselves into Americas favorite past-time (baseball). Panama has bred a culture that has made a name for itself in todays society and will forever be known for it uniqueness and cultural and historical offerings.

The Elimination of the Middle Class Essay -- Globalization Economics

Globalization is the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network by transportation, communication, and trade. Through a global lens the process of globalization seems to be vital to the development of the modern world. As a result of globalization there has been a dramatic transition in every aspect of life around the world, more specifically in areas such as trade, immigration, and human development. International trade bolsters sales, lowers the cost of production and consumption, and extends the market reach of any corporation. This is beneficial to America in that consumers are able to buy more goods and services at lower costs and therefore the gross domestic product rises. In addition, with domestic consumers able to market their product on a global level foreign consumption rises. Immigration brings some of the same benefits as trade. Immigrant workers statistically work for lower wages and take jobs that are pu rportedly unappealing to native workers. This results in a lower cost to employers and an influx of workers. Whether legal or illegal, additional workers result in economic growth. Finally, globalization has facilitated human development through cultural diversity, broadening ideologies, and creating beneficial competition between nations. However, because the U.S. protects its citizens with labor laws and livable wages millions of manufacturing jobs are lost to inexpensive, overseas counterparts. While there are many benefits to fusing the world, globalization comes at a cost, the elimination of America’s middle class. Trade supports more than 50 million American workers who are employed by companies that export their goods, accounting for almost 40... ... ease of transportation and sharing of information people are now exposed to infinite worldviews and ideologies. Nations are able to use each other as benchmarks for improving themselves and improving the conditions of their citizens. However, globalization has also created an environment that forces companies to send jobs abroad to remain competitive. The bulk of these jobs belong to the American middle class. If current trends continue the middle class will disappear and the United States will have only the rich and the poor with great disparity in between. Works Cited http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2007/04/why-free-trade-works-for-america http://www.uschamber.com/international/agenda/benefits-international-trade-and-investment http://www.usimmigrationsupport.org/contributions.html http://www.pbs.org/now/politics/outsource.html

Buddha & religions

As we come to know it, there are five major religions in our world. For centuries, these five religions, namely Christianity, Hinduism, Judaism, Islam, and Buddhism have dominated and influenced the world and its views in life, death, heaven, and earth. Now, the writer wishes to state on this paper the different key terms, main arguments, and assumptions of one of the most revered faiths on earth. But before anything else, perhaps we should go through an overview of the history of Buddhism and its founder. The general history of Buddhism started around 566-486 B. C.The traditionally accepted founder of Buddhism is a man named Siddhartha Gautama. Around 486 B. C. , the first Buddhist Council at Rajagaha was formed. It is where the Buddhist Canon, as it still exists today was settled and preserved through oral tradition. Through the passing of centuries, different forms of Buddhism were developed and propagated throughout distant lands. One of the important highlights of the religionâ €™s history is the founding of the Dalai Lama lineage of the Tibetan Buddhism during the 15th century (â€Å"A Timeline of Buddhist History: Major Events†).Today, Buddhism continues to thrive and according to Wikipedia, most estimates put its number of followers at around 310 million (Jones 2006) In relation to the founding of Buddhism, it is a widely accepted fact that Siddhartha Gautama is the founder of Buddhism. Born in luxury, Siddhartha was the son of a king hence making him prince. At the age of 29, Gautama left his palace to view his subjects. However, what he saw was despair that depressed him so. So one night, he escaped from his palace to live the life of a mendicant.Thus started the Buddha’s long and fruitful life and the creation of the different principles and beliefs that would guide the ideology of Buddhism and influence world history (â€Å"Gautama Siddhattha Buddha†). An event that triggered Gautama’s quest for the truth is the one t hat happened when he left the palace at the age of 13. After seeing the four sights, which namely are an old man, a man with a disease, a corpse, and an ascetic, he became convinced that suffering in this world is inescapable and even all the riches of the world cannot add up to make a man truly happy and in peace (â€Å"Gautama Siddhattha Buddha†).It is also Siddhartha’s experience that meditation alone cannot ease all the anxieties in a man’s mind. After studying with two teachers on meditation, he was not satisfied so he left. He realized that the only way to detach you from all the pain and suffering in this world is through overall tranquility. Buddha is also credited as the creator of the Four Noble Truths. The first of these noble truths is the Noble Truth of Suffering. According to this truth, life is full of suffering such as pain and grief.Even in other religions, they share a common ground; that life is full of torment. According to the Second Noble T ruth, which is the Truth of the Arising of Suffering, the agony that people experience is due to the Threefold Craving. The Threefold Craving, on the other hand, is what brings beings from birth to rebirth accompanied by lust and joy. These three craving are the sensual cravings, and the cravings for existence, and wealth and power. The Third Noble Truth, according to Buddha is the Noble Truth of the Cessation of Suffering.According to this truth, there is a way for suffering to stop and that is by giving up the Threefold Craving. And lastly, the Fourth Noble Truth is the Truth of the Path Leading to the Cessation of Suffering. It is in this Noble truth that the Eightfold Path is presented. This path is also known as the Middle Path because this path does not commit to the two extremes of self-mortification and sensual pleasure (â€Å"Gautama Siddhattha Buddha†). The Eightfold Path, or the Middle Path, is the principle that guides the followers of Buddhism in eliminating all suffering from his life.The Eightfold Path is divided into three sections. The first section is called Sila. Sila pertains to the wholesome physical actions. Sila also stands for morality and refraining from objectionable actions of the body and speech. Included in Sila are three of the eight parts of the Eightfold Path. The first one is the Right Speech. In this right, the person should speak in a pleasant, truthful way. The second is the Right Actions wherein the person is taught to do good actions and to avoid doing things that may hurt or harm others.The last part of this section is the Right Livelihood. In this right, the follower should always choose a means of livelihood that does not harm anyone including himself straightforwardly or not. The second section of the Eightfold Path is called Samadhi. Samadhi, according to Buddhism, is the mastery over a person’s own mind. Included in this division are another three rights of the Eightfold Path. The first of these three i s the Right Effort or Exercise. This right concerns itself to the effort of the follower in improving his self.The second in this section is the Right Mindfulness or Awareness wherein the mental ability to perceive things with clear consciousness is emphasized. And the third one on Samadhi is the Right Concentration or Meditation. It is in this right that awareness of the current reality that happens on self is realized. The absence of craving or aversion is also included in being aware to the reality in one’s life And lastly, the third section of the Eightfold Path is called the Prajna. Prajna is mainly concerned with wisdom that purifies the mind.The last two rights of the Eightfold Path is included in this section. The first of the two is the Right Understanding. This right teaches that one should reality as what it really is and not just how it appears to be. The last of the rights is the Right Thoughts. In this right, an alteration in the pattern of thinking is taught. D ifferent ways of interpreting the Eightfold Path exists. Some people believe that it is a series of progressive stages. This interpretation stresses out that the mastery of the first right will lead to the beginning of the mastery of the next right and so on.Others believe that the Eightfold Path and its rights should be developed simultaneously (â€Å"The Eightfold Path†). According still to the Buddhist faith, Samsara is the cycle of birth, suffering and agony, death, and rebirth in which humans are bounded. But once a man becomes successful in grasping the Four Noble Truths and in following the Eightfold Path and eliminates all cravings from his life, it is when he experiences Bodhi. Bodhi is the awakening or enlightenment felt by Buddhas. It is also the time when greed, hate, and delusion are eradicated.In addition to this, it is also the time in which Nirvana or â€Å"highest happiness† is attained. These are only some of the basic principles held by the Buddhist faith. The teachings and beliefs of Buddhism are too many to be mentioned in this paper. However, this paper wishes to analyze some of the beliefs of the aforementioned religion. As a world-leading faith with hundreds of millions of followers, Buddhism has influenced not only the faith of multitudes but world history as well. Aside from these, Buddhism has also played a part in the development of oriental art and architecture.One of the strengths of the Buddhist religion is that their followers are not afraid to show that they are devoted to their belief. And being devoted to their belief has its own advantages. Because these followers adhere to their principles, it becomes better for them to be guided in their everyday lives and decisions. However, being too much devoted to the faith has its own disadvantages. Some people become too dependent on the principles that it starts to interfere with their normal lives.However, we cannot comment on that issue since it is their own choice a nd therefore are responsible for their own actions. In Buddhism, there are no recognized gods but there is the Buddha or enlightened beings. In the teachings of Buddhism, it is emphasized that in able to reach true happiness, one must live a simple life. This life that they would live should be one of humility and righteousness. Only then would they achieve nirvana. In parallel with other faiths, especially in Christianity, it is also stressed out that in able to attain salvation, one must live in truthfulness and simplicity.So this is why Christians, especially the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Church have their own monasteries where people could live in seclusion; far from all the temptations and sins of the Earth. It might be said that most religions, particularly the five leading ones, share the same principles of the need to do good to others and live in humbleness in able to attain salvation. Others believe that the foundations of Buddhism are vague and inaccurate. And sti ll others criticize them for their unique nature.But let us all remember that even though we share different faiths and beliefs, even though we are separated by cultural and spiritual diversity, some principles are still being shared. And one of those principles is to do the right thing and to never cause harm to anyone. I, as the writer, personally adhere to the belief that we should have religious tolerance. As long as our beliefs do not interfere or cause harm to anyone, then we should free to worship and believe what we desire. And above all, respect is what is needed in a society that prejudices and criticizes what they perceive as odd.In spite of everything, we are all, in the broadest sense, humans, and therefore, equal. Works Cited â€Å"Gautama Siddhattha Buddha. † 12 Sept. 2007 . Jones, Judy, and Wilson William. â€Å"Religion†, An Incomplete Education. 3rd ed.. Ballantine Books, 2006. â€Å"The Eightfold Path. † 2000. About, Inc. , A part of. 12 Sept. 2007 . â€Å"Timeline of Buddhist History: Major Events. † 12 Sept. 2007 .

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and the journey throughou essays

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and the journey throughou essays Journey is a word that can be used to describe a physical travel, a switch from different mental states, or even a change in personality. In the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, journey is used in all these contexts. The theme of journey is evident and is significant throughout the novel. According to Dictionary.com, the definition of journey is The act of traveling from one place to another. [. . .] A process or course likened to traveling; a passage: the journey of life. Plots like the one in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are characteristics of a special type of novel, the picaresque novel. This particular form of the roman adventures may be defined as The prose autobiography of a real or fictitious personage who describes his experiences as a social parasite, and who satirizes the society which he has exploited. (Picaresque Novel) The 1911 Edition Encyclopedia, April 7, 2004 1911encyclopedia.org. There is no doubt that Mark Twain borrowed from the traditions of the picaresque novel, especially from Don Quixote. Consequently, a series of physical journeys occur in the novel. One example of a physical journey is Hucks move from the sivilized Widow Douglas house in the community to the unclean, uncivilized home setting of Hucks father, Pap. So he watched out for me one day in the spring, and catched me, and took me up the river about three mile in a skiff, and crossed over to the Illinois shore where it was woody and there warn't no houses but an old log hut in a place where the timber was so thick you couldn't find it if you didn't know where it was. (Huckleberry Finn, 18). Another physical journey in the novel is Huck and Jims traveling from Hannibal, Missouri to Pikesville, Arkansas. The reader is taken on a tumultuous journey from Hannibal, Missouri to Pikesville, Arkansas that gives as much attention to th...

Womens rights and abolitionism essays

Womens rights and abolitionism essays In the course of American History, no reform movements have been as significant or historically important, as were womens rights and abolitionism. Many of the same people argued for both of the reform movements before the civil war. Correspondents were constantly sent back and forth between the leaders of both movements. Many issues discussed by both parties usually delved around the same argument. While both parties had different goals in mind, you can see through the speeches and letters written by the leaders, that on many occasions, they would use the same points to strengthetn their arguments while at the same time coming to a different request. Considering the time period in which these movements occurred, one of the strongest arguments that were made by both sides, was related to religion and the bible. As a womens rights activist put it, Thou further sayest, that it was designed that the mode of faining influence and exercising power should be altogether different and peculiar. Does the Bible teach this... Did Jesus... give a different rule of action to men and woman? This use of religion to argue womens rights on numerous occasions was used also to argue against slavery, usually with different contexts. As Frederick Douglass so put it, in the name of the constitution and the Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon... that serves to perpetuate slavery-the great sin and shame of America! As you can see leaders from both parties would in some how question their movements goals in relation to religion, god and the Bible. Another viable example both groups would use to strengthen their argument included the government and legislature. While different, both groups would some how, either use the constitution and its wording, to benefit or argue that there were being used by the government, without the reward that others receive. The leaders of the womens would those a...

Economics for Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Economics for Business - Essay Example Non economists believe in the existence of giffen goods which have an up-ward sloping curve, Veblen goods are the ones whose demand decreases with decrease in the prices and the inferior goods demand decreases with increase in income. Depending on where the VM products lie, this will determine the likely shift on demand. Loyal consumers of VM products will have the services delivered on demand. Demand is the economic want backed up by purchasing power, demand curve represents the amount of a good that buyers are willing to purchase at various prices assuming all other non price factors remain constant i.e. at ceteris paribus. In a free market, quantity demanded and quantity supplied depends on the market price. In our case the decrease in demand is likely because shifts in the demand curve towards the left.1 In our case of VM the demand of the services will be affected by the non price factor. For the consumers to continue demanding its services, they have to improve their terms with them. As the VM claims that the SkyB is coerce with its customers, meaning that they are competing firms and therefore it's a substitute for the VM consumers. To mitigate these consequences of the likely decrease in demand, it can lower the prices for the customers who demand for their services and this is likely to increase its demand against that of its competitors if there is free market a d therefore has a bigger market share. It can also improve the quality of its services that it delivers to its customers; this is because the demand of a normal good is likely to increase with its increase in its quality. VM can also promote isits products through public awareness, this can be done through advertising, sales promotion, offering free services at certain time, and it can also use road shows. 2 Question two Market is a group of buyers and sellers exchanging goods that are likely substitutable for one another. Markets are defined by the demand conditions that exist; they embody the zone of consumer's choice for the goods or services. Markets exists in two dimensions- a. Product type b. Geographical area Market structure refers to the selected number of organizational characteristic of the market that establishes the relationship between buyers and sellers of a certain product; market structure analysis is therefore the study of organizational features of market that is believed to have significance for conduct behavior and performance of firms comprising the market. In simple theoretical analysis, the concept of market was traditionally defined as consisting of buyers and sellers of a homogenous good who have insufficiently close contact with each other that o single price prevails The major market structures are: Perfect competition: This is where the market has very many firms producing homogenous product. Monopolistic competition: This is also called competitive market, this is where there are very many firms and each commands a small share of the market share.] Oligopoly: This is where the market is dominated by many small firms which own more than 40% 0f the market share. Oligopsony: This is where the market is dominated by a few buyers with many sellers Monopoly: This is where there is only one provider of a certain product. Natural monopoly: This is a monopoly in which economies of scale cause efficiency to increase as the firm

Marketing mix Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing mix - Coursework Example With the high level of obese cases in the country, there is a high demand of healthy foods. To address this, the supermarket has come up with the production of healthy foods. To make this come into a reality, the supermarket will go an extra mile to deliver high quality food products with minimal contents of sugar, fat and salt. According to scientific research, all these have been responsible for obesity. Therefore, by getting access to purely organic and chemical-free fresh food products, all our clients will feel satisfied. Meaning, they will not buy food from any other supplier, but consider At Eat Smart Supermarket as the best alternative in the market. Since the supermarket is targeting a larger market, it will be incumbent upon the management to ensure a proper distribution of its products. For all the potential clients to be accessed wherever they are there needs to be an even distribution. This will be done by establishing distribution points in different parts of the country. These include grocery stores and a chain of supermarkets. If it is properly done, the clients will have confidence in the supermarket and its products. Once the supermarket resorts to even distribution of its food products, it will definitely appeal to potential clients. As a result, they will not wait for supplies from other competing firms, but buy the readily available commodities from its outlets. The other important tool to employ by the supermarket is pricing mix. As a matter of fact, price is one of the factors which determine the success of a new product in the market. Since the market is free for everyone, each and every player needs to come up with competitive prices. This is necessary because it can help in attracting clients and making some profit. In this regard, as a new player in the market, Eat Smart Supermarket will have to set reasonably fair prices. Meaning, they should be

Social welfare,democracy and government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Social welfare,democracy and government - Essay Example The social welfare, democracy and government are all intensely connected aspects of a society and a country. The welfare of the country and its citizens are always the topmost priority of any democracy or government. Britain being a democratic country has a prolonged history of social welfare policies and strategies. The country has extensive social welfare policies to cater to the well being of its citizen and communities. â€Å"After war every where in Europe showed a grave needs for social welfare :broadly speaking social-democratic policies were initiated even by conservative and Christian-democratic governments, while social democrats became parties of government in most European states†(Shaw,1999). However, during these years a major shift has occurred in the socio –economic structure of the country which led to a new paradigm to the social welfare concept. Britain is a country with multi – cultural backgrounds and requires a well co--ordinate and structure d social policies and plans to show justice to the society. 2 –According to Smith (1986)â€Å"Historians have engaged in pro-longed debate how far political theories influenced the actual structure of social policies. As most of its history social-policy making in Britain has been closely linked to a wider context of political, social and economic ideas†. A big part of contributing to the welfare of the nation is giving equal rights to all the social groups in the country .The rights of the citizens to vote and select the right representative to govern the country should be an unbiased and unfair fact. The right to vote is the major foundation and strong principle of any democratic government. A democracy to be a successful one, should allot a substantial voting power to all the social groups of the country. As per (Hannemann, 2003) â€Å"In almost all democratic national elections an individual vote cannot change the election outcome. The fact that many individuals n evertheless participate voluntarily in such elections suggests that people do care about democracy as such†. The main reason for the appreciation for the right to vote is that, it gives the citizens of a country a upper hand in the decision making process of the nation. However, with all this well planned social policies and democratic government, there are still many social groups who are devoid of their basic right of the democratic government. A country like United Kingdom has various social groups like youngsters, women, senior citizens, disabled, asylum seekers and prison inmates. Among all of these, asylum seekers and prison inmates are the one which is most undermined in regard to voting rights. According to (Guardian News,2010)â€Å"Prisoners are to get the right to vote as the government is poised to throw in the towel in a long-running legal tussle with the European court of human rights, it emerged today. It is understood that the coalition is to confirm that it is ready to change the law to remove the voting ban on more than 70,000 inmates of British jails†. I) Right to vote an integral part of the democracy Democracy is a form of government which gives exclusive rights to its citizens in the governing of the country as well as bestows other supreme rights to its people. As per (Deth,2009) â€Å"Modern societies are confronted with a number of virtually unsolvable problems. Particularly prominent are complaints and grievances about the increase of social egoism and isolation, declining feelings of solidarity and community, a public withdrawal from the ‘dirty’ realm of politics, the raise in ‘minor’ forms of criminality, and the decrease of social and political engagement – to mention only a few examples†. Britain having a well defined social welfare structure is not justifiable in concern with the real active voting right. Many minorities and under privileged are stolen of their right to vote, ev en being a genuine part of the country. Generally in a democratic nation, an adult crossed the age of

GEs Talent Machine Solution Essay Example for Free

GEs Talent Machine Solution Essay ?Question NO 1:While most companies have difficulty producing sufficient quality candidates for top management succession, how has GE been able to create a surplus? What philosophy policies and practices have made it a â€Å"CEO factor6y† as Fortune and Economist call it? Really producing sufficient quality top executives is very difficult task for companies, but if we see case of General Electric, it was producing managers not only for own, GE was producing these executives in enough quantity to meet the need of industry. The philosophy adopted by GE includes some techniques, policies and practiceswhich enable GE to fill vacant top positions. Following are these techniques that wehave analyzed in this case study. Continuous Improvement:Management development process of GE was very effective in which employees aredeveloped step by step. Every manager was continuously involved in diversified andinnovative task in which every employee is rotate in different departments which enablethe employees to be expert in almost every field. The company was providing on jobtraining to its employees through training programs conducted in university which wasestablished by GE. Self succession plan and session C was also good for improving and polishing talent. Focus Strategy:To fill the vacant top positions GE was focusing on internal source. For this GE wasconducting a lot of training programs for its employees because when these were trained by company, it was easy for company to adjust existing employees at top positions. Emerging Culture:Company is try not only to gain objectives but also to merge the new employees withthe existing culture followed at GE. New employees are encouraged to adopt the cultureof GE which was very helpful in transferring the culture and value from senior executivesto junior executives. Company Strategy:Company was considering the employees as the asset of the GE. Company was notonly focusing on business development but also on employees development. It wasspending 10% of its pre tax income on employees development. It was also givingtraining to employees in university established by GEMeritocracy:In GE employee’s performance was measured by quantitative and qualitatively andthe basis of this evaluation the employees were promoted. While concluding we analyze that actually GE’s policies and practices were so goodthat it was producing the surplus managers. Values, culture, training programs, and performance appraisal measures are factor that help GE in exposing and polishing thetalent of employees. Question No2:How generalizable are GE’s , management development policies and practices? Howtransferable across cultures? Across industries ? Aross companies ? Overall policies and practices are very good and fulfill the requirement and need of management development. These policies and practices are generalizable in every wherein world up to some extent not completely. Their extent of generazibility depends uponthe circumstances and situation and environment of geographical areas, laws andregulations of state because these factors vary from culture to culture. E. g. moral valuesand ethics followed in American culture are not followed in Pakistan so we cannot saythat policies adopted by HR department in American organizations fully implemented inHR department of Pakistani organizations. Transferability across Culture, Industries and Companies:Of course policies and practices are implemented in European culture but it seemsvery difficult to implement these policies in Asian culture because HR policies have todeal with human behavior and culture. Human behaviors are different in differentcountries in same situations. In GE employees are recruited which are fresh graduate. Then these employees were polished by GE by taking into account future requirements. Employees at GE have onlyand only experience in GE company but This situation may not happened in other organizations because they do not have such employees who are trained and developed by only one company because almost all organizations are involved in external hiring, so policies to develop employees cannot be implemented in those companies. How we transfer policies and practices to other culture, industries and companies. For transferring these policies it is necessary to change and create the circumstances andsituations according to that of GE. HR departments have to deal with factors like value,culture and behavior and these things are different from culture to culture, company tocompany.

Web Design Essay -- Internet Graphics Designing Essays

Web Design Introduction When the Internet and World Wide Web were first created, they were designed a research tools and for the distribution of information through information systems networks. But as the use of the Web has become increasingly more complex, the focus on Web pages and their design has initiated a number of major changes. Initially, static Web pages were common, but the focus in recent years has been on the development of dynamic Web pages which are linked to databases and allow for the integration of information on a number of different levels. Web sites have progressed to a new level of sophistication, especially in terms of their capacity to track and store usage patterns and allow for the utilization of this information in the development of target advertising and focusing for both the Web page and subsequent connected databases (Tebbe N23). The development of dynamic Web sites requires strong tools and correlated databases that can retain the information that is gathered through this tracking process, and in order to become truly dynamic, Web sites must also be able to provide a company with the most up-to-date information or data that is both clear and graphically appealing (Tebbe N23). It is not surprising that many of the major industry developers have focused on ways to develop better and more interactive Web pages, and Microsoft and Netscape, for example, have focused on the development of enhanced version of HTML as a means of supporting the development of dynamic Web sites without requiring that developers have significant expertise in composing ActiveX and Java applets (Dobson 23). These forms of dynamic HTML, also known as DHTML, have been recognized as a means of maintaining standard uniformity through out the development process (Dobson 23). Over the past 3 years, the World Wide Web Consortium has been working on the preliminary specifications for critical aspects of the Document Object Model that would provide a standard for how scripts and programs are dynamically updated and how access to documents can be achieved (Dobson 23). These underpinnings of the development of dynamic Web pages underscore some of the industry issues, but do not reflect the impetus from which these Web pages came into focus. In order to understand the foundations for their development and their current significance, it is ne... ...on that is beneficial for the person accessing the site, but should also provide a structural element from which evaluations can be made by companies providing these sites. Though the structural elements of the Web site itself is imperative to attracting hits to the site, this is clearly not only element that has changed in Web site development in recent years. The focus on databases as a component of Web site interactivity is also a major element that has transformed the focus of Web site developers. It is evident that the continued changes in the industry will focus on increasing the interactivity in Web sites and improving the progression of dynamic Web sites in general. Works Cited Dobson, Rick. â€Å"Developers like DHTML, but many wait.† Byte, (2011): September, pp. 23(2). Heck, Mike. â€Å"iHTML builds database-driven, dynamic Web sites effortlessly.† InfoWorld, (2010): January, pp. 58F(1). Lam, John. â€Å"Visual InterDev and ASP.† PC Magazine, (2011): December, pp. 265(4). Mendelson, Edward. â€Å"Grand designs.† PC Magazine, (2009): March 4, pp. 100(13). Tebbe, Mark. â€Å"Surf’s over: here comes the big wave.† PC Week, (2009): November 18, pp. N23(1).

Baboons :: essays papers

Baboons Baboons belong to the Old World monkey family, Cercopithecidae. They are found in Africa, south of the Sahara as well as in the Saudi Arabia desert (Class Notes 6/12/01). There are five subspecies of baboons including the hamadryas, the Guinea, the yellow, the chacma, and the olive baboons. BABOONS AND THEIR HABITAT The baboon is the most widespread primate in Africa. Well-known for their remarkable ability to adapt, baboons can be found in a variety of habitats, ranging from semi-desert to rainforest, and from coastal areas to mountains. Their adaptability also extends to their feeding habits — baboons will eat just about anything. The baboon's diet includes a wide variety of plants, of which they eat every part: leaves, fruit, buds, flowers, roots, bulbs, tubers, seeds, shoots, bark and even sap. As for meat, these resourceful monkeys will eat insects, shellfish, small reptiles and amphibians, rodents, birds, fish, eggs and even young antelope or livestock. Several kinds of baboons live in Africa and southwestern Arabia. These include the hamadryas baboon, which lives on plains and rocky hills of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and eastern Africa near the Red Sea, and the chacma baboon, which inhabits rocky regions and open woodlands in southern Africa. Olive baboons inhabit the Kekopey cattle ranch located near the town of Gilgil, Kenya. â€Å"The central part of the ranch consists of open grassland studded with occasional patches of bushy shrub, scattered thornbush, and small groves of giant fever trees† (Smuts 17). They eat a wide variety of foods including insects, flowers, leaves, fruits of bushes and herbs, and most significant of all, the grass itself. â€Å"Baboons eat the green blades of grass during the rainy seasons and dig for corms-the underground storage organ of sedge grasses-when the ranch is dry† (Smuts 17-18). They can carry food in pouches inside their cheeks. Probably the most serious predators of baboons are the large carnivores such as cheetahs and leopards. Baboons live mostly on the ground but sleep in such places as trees or cliffs. â€Å"Throughout Africa baboons achieve some protection from nocturnal predators by sleeping in tall trees or on cliffs (Smuts 19). Usually each troop sleeps on a different cliff, but occasionally two troops will share a single sleeping site. In addition to the predators previously mentioned, baboons share their range with antelope as well as other large mammals including zebra, warthog, jackals, and African buffalo.

Marketing of 15 inch multimedia TV system

The 15 inch multimedia LCD TV system is a high resolution system just like the 17 inch one. The 15 inch multimedia LCD TV is capable of displaying the different features that are possessed by the 17 inch one. The main reasons why the 15 inch TV system has lagged behind in terms of sales could be attributed to its smaller size of the display screen, slightly lesser or fewer features, among other few shortcomings. Despite all these shortcomings, this TV system has the advantage of being cheaper hence it can be afforded by many people. It also has the advantage of having similar feature as those possessed by the 17 inch TV system. By looking at a spectrum of several options in an attempt to raise the sales volumes of the 15 inch TV system, one of them seems to bee more practical and achievable in the prevailing circumstances. This is serous advertising and sales promotion of this product (Don E Schultz, 1997). All seems not lost yet because the product is operating slightly above the break-even-point and therefore if a serious adverting and sales promotion is done the trend can change. Advertising is the creation of awareness of a product and appealing to the public to purchase the product. On the other hand sales promotion stands for other marketing activities other than personal selling, advertising and publicity and is intended to stimulate demand for the product i.e. consumer purchasing and dealer effectiveness. Both advertising and sales promotion are part of what is referred to as the marketing communication mix or promotion mix (http://www.onlinewbc.org/DOCS/market/adv_vs_pr.html) How it is to be done There are several approaches that should be applied in advertising. Advertising is intended to influence long term buying behavior. One way of achieving this goal is through placing adverts continually in the press media i.e. daily newspapers and magazines. Through this it is expected that the adverts will reach out to a large population in the country or the market area. The other means / way in which advertising should be done is through placing adverts in the electronic media such as radio and televisions. This is also has advantage of reaching out to a large audience. This kind of advertising should portray all the positive aspects of using the 15 inch TV system. The visual aspect is likely to create more demand in the short term and also in the long term. Other than adverts in the print and electronic media, advertising should also be done through public launches in different parts of the country or expected market coverage area. During such launches demonstrations on the operation of the TV system should be done. Advantages of using this product should be highlighted during such launches. Sales promotions should also be done. This could involve issuing coupons, free samples, refunds and rebates, premiums or gifts, contests and sweepstakes, point-of -sale displays, shows and exhibitions, among other ways.( Julian Cummins, 1997 ). When these are done properly immediate surge in sales volumes is likely to be observed. This is true because customers like â€Å"something extra† like a gift when they purchase a product, provided that it is of good quality. The product in question i.e. the 15 inch TV system has good quality and hence sales promotion can assist in boosting sales hence profits. Conclusion It is important to know that both advertising and sales promotion can be applied together as part of the promotional mix for the 15 inch TV system. The campaign for raising sales volume for this product can effectively use these two tools to achieve its targets. Personal selling should come in to support advertising by increasing the sales. References 1. Advertising and publicity available at http://www.onlinewbc.org/DOCS/market/adv_vs_pr.html assessed on Feb. 1, 2008 2. Julian Cummins, (1997). Sales Promotion: How to Create, Implement and Integrate Campaigns That Really Work. Prentice Hall 3. Don E Schultz (1997). Sales Promotion Essentials: The 10 Basic Sales Promotion Techniques†¦ and How to Use Them. Prentice Hall